{"id":26166,"date":"2024-09-02T14:28:00","date_gmt":"2024-09-02T12:28:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/?p=26166"},"modified":"2024-10-01T08:10:22","modified_gmt":"2024-10-01T06:10:22","slug":"hornbook","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/en\/zabytek-miesiaca\/zabytek-miesiaca-archiwum-2024\/hornbook\/","title":{"rendered":"Hornbook &#8211; tabliczka do nauki czytania. Zabytek Miesi\u0105ca MAG &#8211; wrzesie\u0144 2024"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"26166\" class=\"elementor elementor-26166\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-24f2228 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"24f2228\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-38223a7\" data-id=\"38223a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3383fe5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3383fe5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-kwadrat-2000px.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Hornbook-kwadrat-2000px\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjI2MTc2IiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2FyY2hlb2xvZ2lhLnlvdTIucGxcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjRcLzA5XC9Ib3JuYm9vay1rd2FkcmF0LTIwMDBweC5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"2000\" src=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-kwadrat-2000px.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-26176\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-kwadrat-2000px.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-kwadrat-2000px-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-kwadrat-2000px-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-kwadrat-2000px-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-kwadrat-2000px-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-kwadrat-2000px-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-kwadrat-2000px-12x12.jpg 12w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9ae49bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9ae49bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b660ed1\" data-id=\"b660ed1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c6b90e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c6b90e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>W 2004 roku, podczas bada\u0144 przy ul. \u0141\u0105kowej w Gda\u0144sku, archeolodzy odkryli niepozorny kawa\u0142ek blachy br\u0105zowej. Po odczyszczeniu przedmiotu okaza\u0142o si\u0119, \u017ce jest to pozosta\u0142o\u015b\u0107 po tabliczce do nauki czytania.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a243b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a243b5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6cf431f\" data-id=\"6cf431f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91f4364 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91f4364\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>W czasach, gdy jeszcze nie znano elementarzy, dzieci uczy\u0142y si\u0119 czytania i pisania przy pomocy specjalnych tabliczek. By\u0142y to kartki papieru z nadrukowanym alfabetem, zamocowane na deseczce z uchwytem. Taka deseczka przypomina\u0142a kszta\u0142tem \u0142opatk\u0119.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bc99169 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bc99169\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1c068a4\" data-id=\"1c068a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0622ff2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0622ff2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aby uchroni\u0107 cenny wydruk przed brudnymi paluszkami uczni\u00f3w, przys\u0142aniano go przezroczyst\u0105 p\u0142ytk\u0105 rogow\u0105. St\u0105d w Anglii przyj\u0119\u0142a si\u0119 nazwa <em>hornbook<\/em> na okre\u015blenie tego typu pomocy dydaktycznych.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-29479a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"29479a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-37b785e\" data-id=\"37b785e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e5f7d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8e5f7d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-4.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Hornbook-4\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjI2MTc0IiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2FyY2hlb2xvZ2lhLnlvdTIucGxcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjRcLzA5XC9Ib3JuYm9vay00LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"458\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-4.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-26174\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-4.jpg 458w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-4-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-4-107x150.jpg 107w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-4-9x12.jpg 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 458px) 100vw, 458px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">XIX-wieczna replika hornbooka z czas\u00f3w Tudor\u00f3w; \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o: Wikimedia Commons, Geneus01, CC BY-SA 4.0.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-21dee63\" data-id=\"21dee63\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ccd718 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0ccd718\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-5-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Hornbook-5\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjI2MTc1IiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2FyY2hlb2xvZ2lhLnlvdTIucGxcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjRcLzA5XC9Ib3JuYm9vay01LXNjYWxlZC5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1912\" height=\"2560\" src=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-5-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-26175\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-5-scaled.jpg 1912w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-5-224x300.jpg 224w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-5-765x1024.jpg 765w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-5-112x150.jpg 112w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-5-768x1028.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-5-1147x1536.jpg 1147w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-5-1530x2048.jpg 1530w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-5-9x12.jpg 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1912px) 100vw, 1912px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">XVII-wieczny angielski hornbook w oprawie sk\u00f3rzanej; \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o: Wikimedia Commons, DanielPenfield, CC BY-SA 4.0.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a318f1b elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a318f1b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-667ed80\" data-id=\"667ed80\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aebbca7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aebbca7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Badacze spieraj\u0105 si\u0119, kiedy dok\u0142adnie zacz\u0119to u\u017cywa\u0107 tabliczek z alfabetem. Wiadomo na pewno, \u017ce sta\u0142o si\u0119 to w Anglii, by\u0107 mo\u017ce ju\u017c w XIII wieku. Pierwsze egzemplarze zapisywano odr\u0119cznie na pergaminie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-418bbde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"418bbde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jedno z najstarszych przedstawie\u0144 \u201erogowej ksi\u0105\u017ceczki\u201d pochodzi z wydanej w 1508 roku \u201eMargarita philosophica cum additionibus novis\u201d Gregoriusa Reischa. Ilustracja ukazuje ch\u0142opca wkraczaj\u0105cego do Wie\u017cy Wiedzy. Kobieta wr\u0119cza uczniowi tabliczk\u0119 z alfabetem. Symbolik\u0119 tej sceny mo\u017cna zinterpretowa\u0107 w nast\u0119puj\u0105cy spos\u00f3b: opanowanie umiej\u0119tno\u015bci czytania otwiera drzwi do bardziej zaawansowanej wiedzy z dziedziny gramatyki, arytmetyki, logiki czy astronomii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-40d3fcb\" data-id=\"40d3fcb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c24c8f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c24c8f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-1.jpeg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Hornbook-1\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjI2MTcxIiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2FyY2hlb2xvZ2lhLnlvdTIucGxcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjRcLzA5XC9Ib3JuYm9vay0xLmpwZWcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1426\" src=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-1.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-26171\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-1.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-1-215x300.jpeg 215w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-1-735x1024.jpeg 735w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-1-108x150.jpeg 108w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-1-768x1070.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-1-9x12.jpeg 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Ilustracja z ksi\u0105\u017cki \u201eMargarita philosophica cum additionibus novis\u201d, Gregor Reisch, 1508 r.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b9e8955 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b9e8955\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92acc34\" data-id=\"92acc34\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc105b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc105b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>W okresie nowo\u017cytnym tabliczki z alfabetem by\u0142y ju\u017c powszechnie wykorzystywane do nauki czytania i pisania. Wspomina o nich William Shakespeare w sztuce \u201eStracone zachody mi\u0142o\u015bci\u201d z 1598 roku<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c56b23c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c56b23c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Powsta\u0142y odmiany tabliczek r\u00f3\u017cni\u0105ce si\u0119 wielko\u015bci\u0105 i surowcem u\u017cytym do ich wykonania. Istnia\u0142y zar\u00f3wno mikroskopijne egzemplarze kieszonkowe, odlewane ze stopu cyny z o\u0142owiem, jak i du\u017ce luksusowe tabliczki z alfabetem wyrytym na srebrnych p\u0142ytkach oprawionych w ko\u015b\u0107 s\u0142oniow\u0105. U\u017cycie p\u0142ytek metalowych (zamiast kartek papieru) na pewno poprawia\u0142o wytrzyma\u0142o\u015b\u0107 tabliczki, ale trzeba by\u0142o liczy\u0107 si\u0119 z wi\u0119kszym wydatkiem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9739781 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9739781\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Schy\u0142ek popularno\u015bci hornbook\u00f3w przypada na koniec XIX wieku, kiedy w nauczaniu zacz\u0119to powszechnie wykorzystywa\u0107 elementarze drukowane.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9840824 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9840824\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a8a2482\" data-id=\"a8a2482\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-974e85b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"974e85b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-2.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Hornbook-2\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjI2MTcyIiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2FyY2hlb2xvZ2lhLnlvdTIucGxcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjRcLzA5XC9Ib3JuYm9vay0yLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1007\" src=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-26172\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-2.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-2-298x300.jpg 298w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-2-768x773.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-2-12x12.jpg 12w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Drzeworyt ze strony tytu\u0142owej \u201eHornbyes hornbook\u201d, Wiliam Horby, 1622 r.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-aae932c\" data-id=\"aae932c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67ec303 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"67ec303\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-3.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Hornbook-3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjI2MTczIiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2FyY2hlb2xvZ2lhLnlvdTIucGxcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjRcLzA5XC9Ib3JuYm9vay0zLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"752\" height=\"1023\" src=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-26173\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-3.jpg 752w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-3-221x300.jpg 221w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-3-110x150.jpg 110w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Hornbook-3-9x12.jpg 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 752px) 100vw, 752px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Panna Campion trzymaj\u0105ca hornbook \u2013 ilustracja z ksi\u0105\u017cki \u201eHistory of the horn-book\u201d, Andrew W. Tuer, 1897 r.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b09e962 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b09e962\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52872b\" data-id=\"a52872b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6498ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e6498ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zabytkowa tabliczka ze zbior\u00f3w Muzeum Archeologicznego w Gda\u0144sku ma oko\u0142o 400\u2013300 lat (XVII\u2013XVIII wiek).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab88ddc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ab88ddc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nie spos\u00f3b rozstrzygn\u0105\u0107, czy by\u0142a osadzona w drewnianej ramie, czy raczej s\u0142u\u017cy\u0142a jako pomoc kieszonkowa, rodzaj wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnej \u015bci\u0105gawki.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ba5ae25 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ba5ae25\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-168de76\" data-id=\"168de76\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a9d630 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8a9d630\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/255_033_02_13-001-2006-0022_cr.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"255_033_02_13-001-2006-0022_cr\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjI2MTcwIiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2FyY2hlb2xvZ2lhLnlvdTIucGxcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjRcLzA5XC8yNTVfMDMzXzAyXzEzLTAwMS0yMDA2LTAwMjJfY3IuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"2048\" src=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/255_033_02_13-001-2006-0022_cr.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-26170\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/255_033_02_13-001-2006-0022_cr.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/255_033_02_13-001-2006-0022_cr-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/255_033_02_13-001-2006-0022_cr-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/255_033_02_13-001-2006-0022_cr-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/255_033_02_13-001-2006-0022_cr-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/255_033_02_13-001-2006-0022_cr-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/255_033_02_13-001-2006-0022_cr-12x12.jpg 12w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb396aa\" data-id=\"cb396aa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf0b7e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bf0b7e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/255_033_02_13-001-2006-0021_cr.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"255_033_02_13-001-2006-0021_cr\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjI2MTY5IiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2FyY2hlb2xvZ2lhLnlvdTIucGxcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjRcLzA5XC8yNTVfMDMzXzAyXzEzLTAwMS0yMDA2LTAwMjFfY3IuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"2048\" src=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/255_033_02_13-001-2006-0021_cr.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-26169\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/255_033_02_13-001-2006-0021_cr.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/255_033_02_13-001-2006-0021_cr-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/255_033_02_13-001-2006-0021_cr-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/255_033_02_13-001-2006-0021_cr-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/255_033_02_13-001-2006-0021_cr-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/255_033_02_13-001-2006-0021_cr-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/255_033_02_13-001-2006-0021_cr-12x12.jpg 12w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5ac1c46 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5ac1c46\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0829c9d\" data-id=\"0829c9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f52ae12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f52ae12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na jednej stronie wida\u0107 wygrawerowane starannie, w trzech r\u00f3wnych rz\u0119dach, du\u017ce litery alfabetu \u0142aci\u0144skiego. Poni\u017cej s\u0105 ozdobne inicja\u0142y \u201eSD\u201d, zapewne oznaczaj\u0105ce grawera lub w\u0142a\u015bciciela tabliczki. Co ciekawe, gda\u0144ski zabytek zosta\u0142 przerobiony. Na odwrocie wyryto niewprawn\u0105 r\u0119k\u0105 alfabet z du\u017cymi i ma\u0142ymi literami. Prawdopodobnie uczniowi brakowa\u0142o ma\u0142ych liter na oryginalnej tabliczce. Litery s\u0105 nier\u00f3wne i nie trzymaj\u0105 si\u0119 rz\u0119d\u00f3w. Mo\u017cna przypuszcza\u0107, \u017ce nie wykona\u0142 ich profesjonalny rytownik.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4f4a2d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4f4a2d6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0ae1d4\" data-id=\"a0ae1d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54176fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54176fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right\">Opracowanie merytoryczne i tekst: <strong><em>Ewa Trawicka<\/em><\/strong><em><br \/><\/em>Redakcja j\u0119zykowa i sk\u0142ad: <em>Marcin Fedoruk<br \/><\/em>Projekt plakatu: <em>Lidia Nadolska<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>W 2004 roku, podczas bada\u0144 przy ul. \u0141\u0105kowej w Gda\u0144sku, archeolodzy odkryli niepozorny kawa\u0142ek blachy br\u0105zowej. Po odczyszczeniu przedmiotu okaza\u0142o si\u0119, \u017ce jest to pozosta\u0142o\u015b\u0107 po tabliczce do nauki czytania. W czasach, gdy jeszcze nie znano elementarzy, dzieci uczy\u0142y si\u0119 czytania i pisania przy pomocy specjalnych tabliczek. By\u0142y to kartki papieru z nadrukowanym alfabetem, zamocowane [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":26210,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[126],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-26166","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zabytek-miesiaca-archiwum-2024"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26166","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26166"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26166\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26210"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26166"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26166"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeologia.you2.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26166"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}